Sensory Processing in a Child

Sensory Processing Disorder

Sensory processing refers to the way the nervous system receives, organizes, and responds to sensory input from the environment and the body. It involves eight senses: the traditional five (sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell) and three additional senses:

Proprioception: Awareness of body position and movement.
Vestibular System: Balance and spatial orientation.
Interoception: Internal body signals (e.g., hunger, heart rate, and temperature).

The brain integrates sensory input from these systems, enabling appropriate responses to stimuli. For instance, the vestibular system helps maintain balance, while tactile input informs about textures, pressure, and temperature.

Neurophysiological Basis: Sensory processing relies on the interaction of sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, and the central nervous system (CNS). The brainstem, thalamus, and sensory cortices play key roles in interpreting sensory information, while the cerebellum, limbic system, and frontal cortex coordinate motor and emotional responses.

Sensory Processing Disorder - Types

SPD occurs when the brain struggles to organize and interpret sensory information effectively. This can lead to over-responsiveness, under-responsiveness, or sensory-seeking behaviors.

Over-responsive (Hypersensitivity):

Strong reactions to noise, light, touch, or textures (e.g., disliking tags on clothing).
Difficulty filtering background stimuli, causing overwhelm or anxiety.

Under-responsive (Hyposensitivity):

Lack of reaction to stimuli (e.g., not noticing pain or temperature).
Appearing "tuned out" or disengaged.

Sensory-seeking:

Craving intense sensory experiences (e.g., spinning, jumping, or rough play).
Frequently touching or mouthing objects.

Negative Impact of SPD on a Child and Their Family

For the Child:

Emotional and Social: Difficulty regulating emotions, leading to meltdowns, anxiety, or social withdrawal.
Academic Challenges: Trouble concentrating or participating in sensory-rich environments like classrooms.
Physical: Poor motor coordination, frequent injuries, or fatigue due to inefficient sensory processing.

For the Family:

Stress: Managing daily routines can be overwhelming when a child reacts unpredictably to sensory input.
Isolation: Families may avoid public spaces, playdates, or school events due to the child's challenges.
Siblings: Siblings may feel neglected as parents focus on the child's sensory needs.

How Pediatric Occupational Therapists Help with SPD

Assessment:

Standardized Tools: Tests like the Sensory Profile or Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) assess the child’s sensory preferences and challenges.
Observation: Evaluating how the child responds to sensory input during play, daily tasks, or structured activities.
Parent and Teacher Input: Gathering insights about behaviors in various environments (e.g., home, school).

Therapy Course:

Sensory Integration Therapy: Guided activities that target sensory processing skills, often using play-based interventions.
Sensory Diets: Personalized plans that include sensory-rich activities integrated into the child’s daily routine.
Parent Education: Teaching families strategies to manage sensory challenges at home (e.g., creating sensory-friendly spaces).

The Importance of Specialized Facilities for SPD

Occupational therapy clinics like iThrive Health have the right facilities and equipment which are crucial for effective SPD treatment:

Sensory Gymnasiums:

Features like swings, crash pads, ball pits, and climbing walls help target vestibular, proprioceptive, and tactile processing.
A controlled environment allows therapists to introduce and adjust sensory stimuli safely.

Calm Zones: